Economics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial aspects Coursework - Essay Example Moderateness of the clients: As home loans have gotten less exorbitant, the reasonableness of a normal resident has in this way picked up development. Additionally, contracts are more promptly accessible than previously and in this manner a customer is bound to profit himself an advance and increment his general arrangement of decisions. Accordingly bringing about an expansion in the interest move of the customer. (Neate, 2013) b. Downturn: The weights have twofold effect on the interest shifts. Not just it has decreased the buying intensity of a shopper however it has likewise removed numerous arrangements of decisions where an individual used to contribute. As downturn is near, the vast majority of the ventures are seen as more dangerous while these are additionally not expected to procure significant yields. Accordingly, expected financial specialists, particularly the huge ones glance at lodging as a protected road for speculation as the profits that it acquires are very steady w hile the capital additions are additionally a piece of the venture. This likewise impacts the interest bend to move on its right side and increment the general interest of the house possessing. (Neate, 2013) (O’sullivan, 2008) c. Crowd Sentiment: It will be noticed that the development of house costs has as of now grown out of the pace of development in the credits reached out as home loans. Such just uncovers a point that the overall population is following the pattern. This can be because of reasons, for example, the dread of expanded home costs after the blast that these costs have gotten. Besides, its motivation may likewise be as those financial specialists who have looked it as a brilliant chance of capital additions and in this manner making a counterfeit air pocket of value swelling that will at some point or another burst out. (Rowley, 2013) d. Desires: As costs have flooded up so are the desires for the individuals. As recommended in an ongoing article, the expense of normal home may go up by 50,000 pounds over the span of the following multi year. In addition, remembering the opinions, the government’s late move to give intrigue let loose credit to 600,000 pounds has just moved the pattern further and have indeed offered raise to the requests of the majority. (Lambert, 2013) If we guide our consideration toward the variables that have may have affected the gracefully side of the UK’s house claiming marvel, the most significant factor that gets has moved the flexibly bend incorporates the effect of fares whose baffling exhibition has affected the flexibly side of the previously mentioned wonder. From that point forward, the legislature has concentrated increasingly more on gracefully side by empowering the development of more houses. Also, the moneylenders have been too indulgent towards purchasers as well as towards the dealers too, since by supporting them in financing their undertakings they are pushing the flexibly bend too, which for this situation is toward its right. In an ongoing move, the administration propelled subsidizing plan which permitted banks to profit themselves modest financing that permitted the bringing down of the loan costs whose effects were additionally observed on the interest side. (Rowley, 2013) 2. As should be obvious in the table beneath that the benefits will increment to 40,000 pounds if the toll is diminished from 10 pounds to 8 pounds: Fare Demand Total Revenue New Cost Profit 8 6 480 440 40 10 4 400 410 - 10 12 3 360 400 - 40 (O’sullivan, 2008) a. The following are the figurings required if there should be an occurrence of value elasticity’s of interest by the midpoint equation strategy just as rate change

Management Techniques Free Essays

In addition, the chief recruited likewise needs to have involvement with arranging, sorting out, driving, and controlling another assistance division so as to give great client care. In view of these capabilities, the accompanying five inquiries will help decide whether this up-and-comer can assume responsibility, sort out things, and get individuals roused and working again In a Service Department: 1 . Would you be able to let me know of a circumstance wherein you think you’re going to fall, yet you had the option to switch the circumstance and succeed? Would you be able to mention to me what you did? (Burblers, 2004) This inquiry sick evaluate the candidate’s demeanor especially how he acts under tension. We will compose a custom exposition test on The executives Techniques or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Additionally, the appropriate responses gave will likewise show the degree of the candidate’s arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling abilities as tackling an issue effectively requires a more than normal aptitudes in these capacities. 2. â€Å"Tell me about the most extraordinary representative circumstance you have ever needed to deal with. What did you do about it, what was the result† (Kodak, p. 39). This inquiry will assist me with deciding the candidate’s center capabilities as respects persuading individuals and getting accessible assets within reach to take care of business. 3. We as a whole vibe that we are one of a kind In our achievements; would you be able to disclose to me an Instance that you feel Is remarkable? This inquiry will help In evaluating the certainty of the up-and-comer on himself. An administrator to be a compelling pioneer, must ooze certainty, in any case his staff won't have certainty on his capacity to lead them too. 4. Inform me concerning when you turned down a great job. The appropriate response will assist me with evaluating whether the competitor can really convey results. 5. Mention to me what you have done consistently to guarantee that your staff or direct report feel esteemed for their commitments. The candidate’s answer will assist me with deciding the degree of the candidate’s relational abilities explicitly his conduct towards individuals working under him. The manner in which the competitor responds to the above inquiries will help the recruiting administrator survey his correspondence and relational aptitudes. In searching for the ideal individual to fill the situation of chief for the new division, that individual must show better than expected aptitudes and abilities In overseeing individuals especially In guiding them towards the achievement of the organization’s objectives. This is significant since the division that the director will be importance Is another one, tune tans could De Klan to uncreated domains. Lastly’ t individual should likewise be knowledgeable about investigating new things and being agreeable outside his customary range of familiarity. The most effective method to refer to Management Techniques, Essays

26 Universal Questions for Brand Positioning (and Creating Your Brand Story)

26 Universal Questions for Brand Positioning (and Creating Your Brand Story) Every company or an individual creating their business plan essentially wants the same thing: their brand to succeed.This article will deal with some of the most common questions that are raised in regard to creating your brand and brand positioning.We will start at the beginning of your brand story and explain what needs to be taken into consideration.How do you want to start and make yourself successful?There are three points that are important: What you are good at Profitability Do what you loveYour story of success has to be a mix of all three of these points. Let us break it down.If you create a brand based on what youre good at and do what you love and there is no money coming in the combination, you will probably go bankrupt very soon.If you combine profitability and do what you love and you are not good at that, then it is just a dream, and again it will not be a successful undertaking.And in the case where you create a business based on your skills and profitability but wit hout the love for the work you are doing, you will quickly lose motivation, become bored and competitors will pass you on the way to success.Now let us state that you have a good starting point.You have a service you are good at, it has the potential to bring you money and you love doing it.What comes next is a brand creation.Here is a list of questions that should help you create your brand.1. What is a brand? Many people confuse a brand with a logo. Yes, logo IS a visual representation of your brand; it helps in advertising and hopefully sticks in the consumers minds, but branding goes deeper than the logo.Formally, a brand is a trademark for a specific service. Conceptually, it is a contract between the company and the consumers/users- a promise of benefits, value, and quality.And, actually, in the simplest terms, a brand is what your customer thinks it is regardless of what you tried to define it as.2. Who am I?What you need to do to get the consumers to share your idea of your brand is to create a strong and clear branded message.That message will achieve that what you think you are, and what you want to be in your consumers heads will be in accordance.Put yourself in your audience shoes, and imagine what you would like to hear from someone speaking to you.The clarity of that message is attained by good brand positioning, which brings us to the next question.3. What is brand positioning? Brand positioning is an action you have to take to place your brand in the minds/ and hearts of your target customers.It is what you do to draw them to purchase your product or use your service. It is what makes you different from other brands in the same category.4. How is brand positioning implemented? Brand positioning is implemented through all elements of the marketing mix: product, price, promotion, and placeNote: Many people confuse marketing and advertising. Advertising is just one part of marketing.5. How do I position my brand in the consumers minds?When talking about the notion of brand positioning we have to think about the positioning statement, i.e. branded message. Let us take a look at some examples:-Apple Computers offersthe best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumer around the world, through innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings.-IBM for businesses who need computers, IBM is the company you can trust for all your needs.Both examples are significantly different from one another even though they are the products that belong to the same category.They differentiate in three aspects that have to be thoroughly thought about in creating a strong positioning statement: target segment, a point of difference, and frame of reference.6. Who are my consumers? The answer to this question is your target segment-people you want to sell your product or offer your service to.A well-defined target consumer market is essential for your brand in terms of advertising, design, price and s o on.The more specific target segment is the more your idea of a brand coincides with the consumers idea.For example, if you are creating a clothing brand for females between 15 and 25, you will advertise in a different way than if you are creating the same brand for business women over 30.On the other hand, if you just state it is a clothing line for women, your target segment will be too broad for you to define a good marketing strategy, design, etc.So, who were Apple Computers customers?Those are students, educators and creative professionals creative individuals.On the other hand, IBM focused on businesses. In both cases, a specifically defined consumer market that leaves little room for confusion about the brand.7. What are the customer problems I want to solve? The answer to this question is what your goal actually is when creating a brand.Is it an easier way to travel, is it more affordable studies?Basically, it is your motivation for doing what you do.In order to better und erstand the role of motivation in creating the story of your brand check out the video below: The most common thing that pegs an entrepreneur as an amateur is when they come in and immediately start talking about their amazing new technology and forget to start the discussion with, “What big problem in the market am I trying to solve?” If they don’t start with the problem, then I know they are green. Dina Routhier.8. Where can we find them? The answer to this question helps you place your product adequately. It also helps you to decide a proper way of reaching them by means of advertising.Do you plan to send newsletters or post some Facebook Adds? Do your desired customers spend a lot of their time on Facebook? If not, think about a different strategy.If we take into consideration the example of Facebook that has over 2 billion active accounts, you can easily target your audience using the Facebook Ads.At least, that’s what “Milka” did.By using video ads they have made the incremental reach of 2.7%.In other words, they have reached 68% of their target audience just by using Facebook and Instagram.9. What is my consumer like?To answer this question you have to think about all the aspects that make up your ideal customer. The aspects go from their physical appearance, personal requirements, need, etc.What you should do is put yourself in their shoes and think, for example: If I were a 35-year-old soccer mom, what would my needs be?If you were designing a new car and wanted your buyers to be the said group of soccer moms, you would focus on comfort, size, big trunk, children safety and so on, You definitely wouldnt try to sell a racing car to this target group.Think about Gillette. Their target customers are successful men. They are supposed to be clean-shaven, sharp-dressed businessmen.That is what first comes to mind, although Gillette has a much broader offer consisting of products meant for mens personal hygiene but also a set of products for wom en.10. What are their beliefs and values?As you are considering all the sides of your ideal buyer, pay attention to their personal beliefs, or values in order not to put them away if you make an oversight.Think about their religion, political view, social status, upbringing, etc.Would your USA consumers rather buy a product coming from the USA or from China? Let’s say, you are targeting mid-aged man from the USA.Given the fact that everyone loves their country, would they make a purchase of a product that is made in their own country rather from China?In other words, target their beliefs, nationality and those facts which are causing strong emotions.After you have determined your buyers and thought about what you want to offer to them, it is time to think more closely about your product or service.Examine the next segment of a positioning statement.11. What is your Frame of Reference?The answer to this question places your product/service in a certain area, an industry. It refers to other competitors in the same area that you are comparing yourself to.Those are the traits of the industry that both your product and the products of your competitors share.Let us take a look at Apple Computers positioning statement. What is their frame of reference? It is other personal computers.What are some other examples?   If you are planning on branding a new chain of fast-food restaurants, your brand has to be all that which makes it a chain fast food restaurant.12. What makes your competition good?It is easy to think about what your competition lacks.But think about what they are good at, and try to copy that as this is something that keeps the customers faithful to that product.Try to improve their “good sides” and implement those sides to your own brand.13. How can I compete?This is essential to define as this is what will make your product stand out in the group of products in the same area.When you get your competitive advantage right, you have your unique sellin g proposition (USP).In regard to this, you should make it not easy to copy, as your competitors will try to do the same.The good position is a part of or a place in the market that you own and hope to own for a prolonged period of time.That could be achieved through benefits, design, performance, or anything that meets the needs of your target consumers.14. What is the point of difference?The point of difference is similar to the notion of USP. It is the reason to purchase your product or use your service.It is something that should be new on the market, an improvement on your previous brand or something that your competitors have not thought of yet. It is important that the point of difference should be relative to the frame of reference.On the example of Apple Computers, we see that the point of difference is innovative. So Apple offers state of the art products, we look for design and innovation when buying their products.Therefore, when looking at a brand new iPhone, we are actu ally looking at the point of difference between the previous version and the new one, or the version of their competitor’s Android phones.That very difference makes us decide for one or another brand.So, make your brand different and innovative.15. What is the USP?Unique selling proposition is your promise to the customers that they will get what they paid for. You are basically saying: We are selling exactly what we say we are. Trust us.The USP is the benefit the consumers get when they purchase your product.16. What is the role of brand positioning?  Aside from placing the product in the mindset of the consumers, brand positioning opens the door for messaging i.e. telling the story of your band.After you have worked through the positioning, it should be easy to determine what exact products you want to develop.You can think about the features of your product- the color, design, logo, and so on.17. Comparing value, benefits, and features.Let us take an example of toothpaste. Imag ine whitening toothpaste. Its feature is that it is whitening. What are the benefits? Nicer smile.And what is the value?Well, the benefit is higher self-confidence.All three are parts of your product but what you need to start at is that underlying motivation to get that service in this case, the consumers need for more self-confidence.Ultimately, we are not looking at the features of one product. We are actually looking at how we can benefit from that very product. So are our customers.The U.S. market for infomercial products stood at $170 billion in 2009 and could exceed $250 billion by 2015. In fact, with the worth of the entire U.S. network and cable industry estimated at $97 billion as of 2013, DRTV [direct response television] is much bigger than the TV itself.Why am I bringing this up? If there is anything that infomercials are good at, its selling benefits. For one, they understand that people can be coaxed, not driven.18. What is consistency?In brand positioning, brand con sistency is important in a way that it keeps the consumers loyal to your brand.This is a very relatable point, because if some product was valuable, unique on the market and the brand starts to be inconsistent with their quality of service, the value they offer or even features, consumers start to lose faith in the said product.There are situations when consistency should be abandoned, and there will be a word on that later in the text.19. What is a brand experience?Brand experience is everything your consumer thinks or feels about your brand. It refers to the research experience, shopping experience.How do they feel when they are doing the research do your adds contain sufficient information?How do they feel when they are shopping for your product is your salesperson kind and helpful?And, finally, how do they feel when they are using your product does it meet their expectations, is it user-friendly, does it help?All those aspects influence peoples gut feeling about your product. If their gut feeling is good they are likely to become loyal consumers.In regard to this, think about brand ambassadors and how they can improve consumers experience.20. What do my consumers think of the brand?We already said that your brand is what your consumers think it is. Read this for a better understanding of customer’s perception.But how can you get the information on how they see you? Ask them. Market research helps to determine if the image you have about your product agrees with the intended idea.And what if this is not the case? What can you do?21. What is repositioning?Repositioning happens when the needs of your consumers shift, or when you decide to change any aspect of your positioning statement.A fine example is broadening your market area. Apple Computers changed the name to just Apple (as we know it today) when the companys frame of reference shifted from personal computers to electronic devices. They now produce phones, MP3 players, and so on.If they did not c hange their name why would consumers buy an MP3 player from a brand that is specialized in PCs only?22. Why is repositioning important?We talked about the importance of consistency, but why is sometimes harmful to insist on consistency?Repositioning probably has to happen for the majority of brands at some point in their development due to the market changes.Let us take as an example the development of mobile phones.If a brand would insist on the consistency of design and keeping the features that were in demand 10 years ago, that brand would lose consumers and run out of business.The reason is that it would not keep up with the change of consumer behavior that now requires an access to the internet, compact design, and so on.23. What is a brand story?It is very important to define your brand story since it will exist whether you choose to put it out there because the consumers participate in its creation as well.Online blogs are filled with reviews about certain brands and those re views become a part of that brands story.Aside from giving some information about the brand itself, the storytelling must include a segment that will engage the consumers emotionally. Include some information about the brands history, ups-and-downs during the creation process and more.24. Is brand story different from advertising?In some way, brand storytelling is similar to advertising since it brings the brand closer to the consumer. The difference is that an add doesnt necessarily have to produce an emotional response.25. What do consumers get from the story?The story gives them something they can relate to as everybody feels the need to belong to something, inspires them to take action for some cause, or moves them. Take a look at one of NIKEs brand stories. What do you think is the idea behind it? How does it make you feel?26. Why cant you do everything?Finally, careful brand positioning means that you will have to make choices.You will have to choose your consumers, your poin t of difference, the tone of your story You cannot be everything for everyone as you will lack focus which will result in a bad brand position.FINAL WORDTo summarize, in order to effectively position your brand in the market, you have to decide on your area of expertise, define your core consumers, and differentiate yourself from the competition.Make your consumers be a part of your brand story by being relatable, motivate and inspire them.Remember that the most successful people are those who are inspired by what they do.Be a part of something that you will love developing, and you will definitively create the best version of the product that is possible.

The Theory Of Multiple Intelligences - 1226 Words

Individualized Learning Among the many flaws that currently trouble our education system there is one that vividly stands out to me, and that is how our current system is threatening individualism. Our system is oriented towards being efficient to large groups of students and forgets to take into account how people have different interests, ideas, and ways of learning. Instead of being so centered on the amount of students that are being educated, its main concern should be the quality of education each student as an individual is receiving. Something that would help improve our education system is focusing on a much more individualized way of learning. An individualized approach to education would promote progress and diversity. It is†¦show more content†¦This information about students would improve the way teachers educate them, they would have a better understanding of students and could find a more effective way for them to learn. Standardized testing is a great example of how our schools don’t take into account students’ individualities. It’s not realistic to think that you can fit something as subjective as the knowledge and/or learning abilities of a person into a â€Å"standard† test. My number one concern with these tests starts with the name itself. The word â€Å"standard† implies that there is an established way to determine how much a student has learned. It also assumes that all the students taking these tests possess the same knowledge. Requiring everyone to answer the same set of questions and expecting the exact identical answer would mean that all the people taking these tests think the same way. If this is the goal that our schools have then it is fair to say that we are in desperate need of a change. As John Taylor Gatto said in his essay â€Å"Against school†: â€Å"What if there is no problem with our schools? What if they are the way they are, so expensively flying in the face of common sense and long experience in how children learn things, not because they are doing something wrong but because they are doing something right?†. With the way that our system works these are crucial questions that not only need to be asked but answered.Show MoreRelatedIntelligence And The Theory Of Multiple Intelligences1578 Words   |  7 PagesTaylor Ward Mrs. Behrend AP Seminar December 14, 2015 Intelligence and Socioeconomics According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, intelligence is â€Å"the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills,† though, there are many different perspectives regarding intelligence. Some believe the human species is born with a natural intelligence. Others, consider that possessed intelligence is developed by the interactions and experiences of an individual. The ongoing argument of whether a genius bornRead MoreThe Theory Of Intelligence, And Multiple Intelligences Theory1977 Words   |  8 Pagesthe origins , factors of Intelligence. Thinkers from as early as the Greek school of philosophy pondered what made one man smart ,and another dull. Early england thought that they could correlate the size of a man’s head with his intelligence. Though it was only when psychologists started testing people using exams aimed at cognitive processes did real scientific theories start to emerge. The question I began with when starting this project is, What theory of int elligence most accurately models itRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences1345 Words   |  6 Pagesit depends on their learning ability and intelligence. Intelligence is conventionally defined as a uniform cognitive capacity with which people are born. 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For example, the theory predicts that a child who learns to multiplyRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences Theory1827 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is intelligence? Is it how well an individual can excel at academic tasks, emotional tasks, or physical tasks? Can intelligence be measure scientifically and accurately or is it an abstract idea or concept that requires an individual to critically think and come up with an answer? A common interpretation of intelligence is the ability or abilities of an individual’s capacity for: logic, emotion, abstract, learning, planning, understanding, memory, self-awareness, creativity, and most important

Evaluation of London 2012 Olympics Sustainability Plan Free Essays

Executive Summary Before the London Olympics that were hosted in London in 2012, the International Olympics Committee (IOC) published a sustainability plan that indicated ways in which sustainability issues like healthy living, climate change, waste management, biodiversity and inclusion could be dealt with. This paper provided an overview analysis of this plan, covering all these sustainability aspects. It later focuses on reviewing the aspect of climate change and efforts that were made to reduce the carbon footprint of the games. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of London 2012 Olympics Sustainability Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Findings from a small opinion survey that was carried out at GSM with ten students as respondents are also presented in this report. Introduction Sustainability is among the factors that are put into consideration when preparing for major sporting events (Kim, 2013). Within the past decade, there has been a growing increase in the level of attention by sports organizing committees on this issue. Before the Olympics and Paralympics Games that were hosted in London in 2012, the international Olympics Committee (IOC) prepared a plan that was to ensure sustainability during and after the games (LOCOG, 2009). With reference to these summer games, this paper intends to provide a brief analysis of the plan drafted by the event organizers, which will incorporate biodiversity, waste management, climate change, healthy living and inclusion. It also intends to provide a further detailed review of the inclusion aspect of sustainability, which shall be backed with evidence from news and academic perspectives. In establishing the effectiveness of sustainability efforts, an opinion survey was carried out with a section of students from GSM L ondon as respondents. Even though most of them were satisfied by the progress made so far, a small section of respondents opined that more needs to be done. Whereas this report highlights the progress that has been made by the IOC’s sustainability efforts, some of the drawbacks are also mentioned. Overview Analysis of the IOC Sustainability Plan Due of the fact that the Olympics attract millions of people, they can be detrimental to different aspects of sustainability if there is no detailed plan of their potential adverse impacts (Pedersen et al., 2011). In an effort to ensure this, the IOC focused on five aspects key aspects and prepared a sustainability plan to address the potential risks that could be posed to them. These are; biodiversity, inclusion, healthy living, waste management and climate change (LOCOG, 2009). This section provides a brief analytical overview of these aspects based on how attainable they are and their potential effectiveness. Waste Wastes during the Olympics and Paralympics are from a wide range of sources, which include construction, and other activities that relate to sporting (Douglas, 2012). In an effort to limit the impacts of wastes during and after the Olympic Games, the IOC had several strategies in plan. Its main objective was to attain zero waste during the games through utilization of exemplary management strategies. These included minimization of wastes at their sources, diversion of wastes from construction sites to other feasible locations, promotion of the reduce-reuse-recycle waste hierarchy and facilitation of individual behavioural changes (IOC, 2012). Another strategy was ensuring that all wastes resulting from the games were not directed to landfills. Whilst all these approaches were ideal, instilling a behavioural change in individuals to make them conscious about how they deal with their wastes can be considered as the most appropriate. This is because of the long-term impact it can have, not only on waste management but on the whole aspect of sustainability (Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007). On the other hand, the most challenging strategy to attain is the diversion of waste materials from construction sites. This is particularly challenging if the waste is bulky or the distance to where it is to be diverted is long. Climate Change Effects that Olympics and Paralympics could have on climate change were mainly as a result of carbon emissions. With the high numbers of people within and out of the UK and heavy energy consumption, the carbon footprint was bound to be enormous (Gold Gold, 2013). Therefore, the IOC was to establish and implement long term solutions to this issue. Some of the key areas that were to be addressed included the management of water and energy resources, infrastructural development, transportation and carbon offsetting strategies. To minimize the carbon footprint, the strategies that were used included optimization energy demand and efficiency and encouraging the use of renewable energy sources that had lower levels of carbon emission. With the increased global concerns of climate change that are caused by greenhouse emissions, these strategies received support from many stakeholders (Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007). Even with the optimism, reduction of the carbon footp rint during the games was affected by the high population of that attended the games and limited amount of available renewable energy. Biodiversity The existent biodiversity in London and other venues that hosted the 2012 Olympics had to be maintained and even further enhanced. For conservation of diversity, the IOC saw it necessary to use the Olympics as an avenue for increasing the public’s awareness about conservation and the role that natural environments play maintaining and promoting biodiversity (LOCOG, 2009). To attain this, the IOC pledged its commitment towards ensuring that natural resources in the Lower Lea Valley, London and across all other venues in the UK were effectively managed. The potential of success for this strategy is high. However, it was largely dependent on the availability of resources to facilitate management and promotion of public awareness (Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007). Inclusion The IOC’s objective was to make the London Olympics and Paralympics the most inclusive since the start of the Olympics (IOC, 2012). Therefore, the games were expected to bring together people from diverse social and cultural backgrounds. The games were also expected to facilitate regeneration on economic, physical and social aspects of the lower lea valley and its surroundings. By celebrating the diversity that exists in the UK and global population, the London Olympics and Paralympics encouraged participation from everyone with an aim of promoting social cohesion, fair play and respect (Karamichas, 2013). One of the strategies that were used to ensure inclusion was encouragement of communities across the UK to take advantage of opportunities that were presented by the games. These included trade, employment and new infrastructural facilities. Healthy Living Promotion of healthy lifestyles was also among the aspects that were addressed during the 2012 summer games (Wheeler, 2013). These games were to be used in inspiring people in London and across the United Kingdom to take up sporting activities to keep them active. Healthy and sustainable lifestyles should be attained by refraining from overexploiting natural resources. According to LOCOG (2009), there are many health benefits that can be attained through people’s own efforts. These include engagement in physical activities and maintaining a healthy living environment. This message was to benefit people from the UK as well as tourists who came as spectators. Review of the delivery of the Climate Change aspect of Sustainability There have been several mixed views about the success levels that were attained in the last Olympics to reduce the potential amount of carbon emission during the Olympics and Paralympics. As discussed earlier, a high percentage of greenhouse emissions originate from transportation and energy uses. Therefore, it is vital for the responsible bodies to consider addressing the aspects of energy and transport to realize a reasonable reduction of the overall emission (Siikamaki et al., 2012). Chaabane et al. (2012) suggests that greenhouse gas emission can be managed by reducing motor transport. This can be achieved through avoiding unnecessary trips, using public transportation or alternative transportation methods that require less energy. There are direct and indirect consequences of this measure. The direct impact will be reduction of the total energy used in transportation, which directly reduces the volume of greenhouse gases emitted (Melanta et al., 2012). One of the indirect impact s is the reduction of congestion and traffic jams, which economizes the amount of fuel used by vehicles on the road and ultimately, the amount of carbon emissions (Droege, 2011). The use of sustainable energy sources is also suggested as an ideal approach towards reducing the carbon footprint (Droege, 2011). Some of the available sources of alternative sustainable energy include wind energy, solar power and geothermal power, among others. Given that the amount of energy produced from sustainable sources is limited, the public should be sensitized about the efficient use of energy in their workplaces and in their homes (Droege, 2011). One of the simple approaches that can be used is the purchase and use of energy efficient vehicles and electrical appliances. However, Saunders argues that a rebound can be experienced as an impact of attaining high energy efficiency levels. With reference to the neoclassical theory, Saunders argues that increased energy efficiency leads to a drop in its prices. As a result, it may be used to run machines as a substitute to human labour. This creates an increase in the greenhouse gas emission from fuel usage. He also argues that an increase in energy efficiency results in an increase in economic growth, which results into an increase in energy use (Saunders, 2013). Regardless of the neoclassical theory presented by Saunders, the current climatic situations present the need for increasing energy efficiencies (Droege, 2011). With reference to the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics, it was established that the carbon dioxide released in the course of the games was 28% less than the projected amount. According to the London Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG), the initial projection of carbon dioxide emission reductions was at 6,000 Mt but the attained reductions were at 31,000 Mt (Environmental Leader, 2012). The success in this reduction was attributed to a concept referred to as â€Å"the four R’s (reduce, re-route, re-time and re-mode)† by Transport for London (TfL). This approach is similar as to those suggested in literature. It involved reducing the need to travel by taking leaves working at home, planning to travel before or after peak times, taking an alternative route and using different transportatio n means (LOCOG, 2009). The alternative transport modes that were used on the widest scale included walking and cycling. Even though LOCOG (2009) is credited for provision of this information, it is worthy pointing out that most of the reports about sustainability during the Olympics were positive, even though several observers identified shortcomings in these efforts. Even though the carbon footprint from transport was less than the projected levels, the carbon emission from spectators was estimated to be 913,000 Mt, which exceeded the expected emissions by approximately 36% (Environmental Leader, 2012). This difference between the estimates and the actual emissions was argued to have been caused by the high number of spectators, athletes and the Olympics and Paralympics workforces. There were a total of 11 million spectators, thousands of athletes and more than 200,000 people in the workforce. Even with the higher amount of emission from spectators, the overall amount of emissions was at 3.3 million Mt, which was much lower that the estimate of 3.4 million Mt that was made in 2009 (LOCOG, 2009). Even after the Olympics and Paralympics, these strategies for reducing the CO2 are still being used in the UK. In addition to the climate change aspect of other aspects like waste management, biodiversity and inclusion also attained reasonable levels of s uccess. Opinion Survey Methodology used To get a further understanding of the effectiveness of strategies that were formulated in the IOC sustainability plan, a small opinion survey was carried out. The main objective was to obtain their views on how effectively the emission of greenhouse gases was managed. A semi-structured interview approach was utilized to allow the respondents to freely give their opinions about the subject of the opinion survey (Yin, 2010). Ten students from the Greenwich School of Management were selected as respondents the selection was random and was based on their willingness to participate in the opinion survey. During the survey, two main questions were asked to the respondents. The first was their opinions on the achievements made in efforts to reduce carbon emissions. The seconds was their opinions on what could be done to attain better results. The answers that were given by respondents were recorded on paper and stored for analysis. One major limitation that was experienced was the lack of i nterest by some of the students who were approached to participate in the survey. There were also cases where students were willing to participate, but lacked the background information about the subject of the survey. Findings Out of the ten the students who were interviewed during the survey, six were satisfied with the carbon management efforts while three were unsure about whether the strategies were effective. However, one was sceptical about the management of carbon emissions. For instance, one of the respondents argued â€Å"During the games, I was impressed by how transport was managed. Though I expected many challenges because of the millions of people who attended, I can’t remember seeing any big traffic jam or related issues.† This signifies how effective the transportation plans were during the games. As aforementioned, reduction of traffic jams and congestion contributes towards energy efficiency. Another respondent based his argument on the reviews he had read on different news periodicals he argued â€Å"after the Olympics, many news outlets have indicated their satisfaction about the reduction of carbon emission by the efficient use of energy. Infact, there was an article that indicated that the footprint was much less than what was anticipated.† The scepticism of one of the respondents was based on his opinion that there was no appropriate way of accurately estimating the volume or weight of carbon emissions from the Olympics (Droege, 2011). He said â€Å"I don’t believe there’s an appropriate method to measure the exact amount of carbon emissions. The stuff we hear in the news is based on estimates. They might have reported a smaller value of emissions just to portray a good image of the UK or the IOC to the world.† Even Though one respondent was sceptic about the achievements of the IOC, TfL and LOCOG, the fact that most of the respondents were positive about the efforts made to achieve a low carbon footprint during the Summer Olympics indicates the strategies in the sustainability plan published by the IOC were ideal (Environmental Leader, 2012). Some of the recommendations that were made by the respondents to further reduc e the carbon footprint in future games included increment of fuel prices to discourage travel by personal cars and increasing the energy production from sustainable energy sources. Conclusion As presented in this paper, sustainability has been among the key aspects for consideration in major sporting events within the last decade. In this regard, the organizers of the 2012 summer Olympics and Paralympics prepared a detailed plan on how to address several suitability issues that could have arisen in the games. These include healthy living, waste management, inclusion, biodiversity and climate change. This paper focused more on the how effectively the aspect of climate changes was managed. The main area of focus was the approaches that were uses to ensure energy efficiency and reduce the carbon overall carbon footprint of the games. The effectiveness of these measures were reflected in the fact that there CO2 greenhouse gas emissions caused by energy use was less than the projected amount by 28%. A small opinion survey also was carried out with help of students from the Greenwich School of Management. From its findings, there was a further indication that the sustainability plan or ensuring a smaller amount of carbon gas emissions was ideal. One major drawback was that there was a higher amount of carbon dioxide emission from spectators that was anticipated. However, this was attributed to the high population of spectators, officials and sportsmen who were approximately 11 million in total. In order to further reduce the carbon footprint during major games in future, organizing committees have to carry out an extensive review of the strengths and drawbacks of the strategies applied in London in 2012. This will help them modify the sustainability model and make it better. In future research, a more in-depth survey that involves more respondents drawn from across the UK should be carried out. All the other elements of sustainability should also be addressed. References Chaabane, A., Ramudhin, A. Paquet, M., 2012. Design of sustainable supply chains under the emission trading scheme. International Journal of Production Economics, 135(1), pp.37-49. Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007. On Track for a Sustainable Legacy: Review of Governance Arrangements for the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Programme. London: Governance Review Commission for a Sustainable London. Douglas, L., 2012. Zero-waste olympic games. Engineering Technology, 6(12), pp.46-47. Droege, P., 2011. Urban Energy Transition: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power. Oxford: Elsevier. Environmental Leader, 2012. London Olympics Generated 28% Less CO2e Than Forecast. [Online] Available at: http://www.environmentalleader.com/2012/12/12/london-olympics-generated-28-less-co2e-than-forecast/ [Accessed 5 December 2013]. Gold, J.R. Gold, M.M., 2013. Bring It under the Legacy Umbrella†: Olympic Host Cities and the Changing Fortunes of the Sustainability Agenda. Sustainability, 5(8), pp.3526-42. IOC, 2012. Sustainability through Sport. London: IOC. Karamichas, J., 2013. London 2012 and Environmental Sustainability: A Study Through the Lens of Environmental Sociology. Sociological Research Online, 18(3), p.17. Kim, H.D., 2013. The 2012 London Olympics: Commercial Partners, Environmental Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility and Outlining the Implications. The International Journal of the History of Sport, pp.1-12. LOCOG, 2009. London 2012 Sustainability Plan. London: LOCOG. Melanta, S., Miller-Hooks, E. Avetisyan, H.G., 2012. Carbon Footprint Estimation Tool for Transportation Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(5), pp.547-55. Pedersen, P.M., Parks, ?J. Quarterman, J?., 2011. Contemporary Sport Management. Illinois: Human Kinetics. Saunders, H.D., 2013. Historical evidence for energy efficiency rebound in 30 US sectors and a toolkit for rebound analysts. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 3(24), pp.34-58. Siikamaki, J., Sanchirico, J.N. Jardine, S.L., 2012. Global economic potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from mangrove loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(36), pp.14369-74. Wheeler, S.M., 2013. Planning for Sustainability: Creating Livable, Equitable and Ecological Communities. New York: Routledge. Yin, R.K., 2010. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: Guilford Press. How to cite Evaluation of London 2012 Olympics Sustainability Plan, Essay examples Evaluation of London 2012 Olympics Sustainability Plan Free Essays Executive Summary Before the London Olympics that were hosted in London in 2012, the International Olympics Committee (IOC) published a sustainability plan that indicated ways in which sustainability issues like healthy living, climate change, waste management, biodiversity and inclusion could be dealt with. This paper provided an overview analysis of this plan, covering all these sustainability aspects. It later focuses on reviewing the aspect of climate change and efforts that were made to reduce the carbon footprint of the games. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of London 2012 Olympics Sustainability Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Findings from a small opinion survey that was carried out at GSM with ten students as respondents are also presented in this report. Introduction Sustainability is among the factors that are put into consideration when preparing for major sporting events (Kim, 2013). Within the past decade, there has been a growing increase in the level of attention by sports organizing committees on this issue. Before the Olympics and Paralympics Games that were hosted in London in 2012, the international Olympics Committee (IOC) prepared a plan that was to ensure sustainability during and after the games (LOCOG, 2009). With reference to these summer games, this paper intends to provide a brief analysis of the plan drafted by the event organizers, which will incorporate biodiversity, waste management, climate change, healthy living and inclusion. It also intends to provide a further detailed review of the inclusion aspect of sustainability, which shall be backed with evidence from news and academic perspectives. In establishing the effectiveness of sustainability efforts, an opinion survey was carried out with a section of students from GSM L ondon as respondents. Even though most of them were satisfied by the progress made so far, a small section of respondents opined that more needs to be done. Whereas this report highlights the progress that has been made by the IOC’s sustainability efforts, some of the drawbacks are also mentioned. Overview Analysis of the IOC Sustainability Plan Due of the fact that the Olympics attract millions of people, they can be detrimental to different aspects of sustainability if there is no detailed plan of their potential adverse impacts (Pedersen et al., 2011). In an effort to ensure this, the IOC focused on five aspects key aspects and prepared a sustainability plan to address the potential risks that could be posed to them. These are; biodiversity, inclusion, healthy living, waste management and climate change (LOCOG, 2009). This section provides a brief analytical overview of these aspects based on how attainable they are and their potential effectiveness. Waste Wastes during the Olympics and Paralympics are from a wide range of sources, which include construction, and other activities that relate to sporting (Douglas, 2012). In an effort to limit the impacts of wastes during and after the Olympic Games, the IOC had several strategies in plan. Its main objective was to attain zero waste during the games through utilization of exemplary management strategies. These included minimization of wastes at their sources, diversion of wastes from construction sites to other feasible locations, promotion of the reduce-reuse-recycle waste hierarchy and facilitation of individual behavioural changes (IOC, 2012). Another strategy was ensuring that all wastes resulting from the games were not directed to landfills. Whilst all these approaches were ideal, instilling a behavioural change in individuals to make them conscious about how they deal with their wastes can be considered as the most appropriate. This is because of the long-term impact it can have, not only on waste management but on the whole aspect of sustainability (Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007). On the other hand, the most challenging strategy to attain is the diversion of waste materials from construction sites. This is particularly challenging if the waste is bulky or the distance to where it is to be diverted is long. Climate Change Effects that Olympics and Paralympics could have on climate change were mainly as a result of carbon emissions. With the high numbers of people within and out of the UK and heavy energy consumption, the carbon footprint was bound to be enormous (Gold Gold, 2013). Therefore, the IOC was to establish and implement long term solutions to this issue. Some of the key areas that were to be addressed included the management of water and energy resources, infrastructural development, transportation and carbon offsetting strategies. To minimize the carbon footprint, the strategies that were used included optimization energy demand and efficiency and encouraging the use of renewable energy sources that had lower levels of carbon emission. With the increased global concerns of climate change that are caused by greenhouse emissions, these strategies received support from many stakeholders (Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007). Even with the optimism, reduction of the carbon footp rint during the games was affected by the high population of that attended the games and limited amount of available renewable energy. Biodiversity The existent biodiversity in London and other venues that hosted the 2012 Olympics had to be maintained and even further enhanced. For conservation of diversity, the IOC saw it necessary to use the Olympics as an avenue for increasing the public’s awareness about conservation and the role that natural environments play maintaining and promoting biodiversity (LOCOG, 2009). To attain this, the IOC pledged its commitment towards ensuring that natural resources in the Lower Lea Valley, London and across all other venues in the UK were effectively managed. The potential of success for this strategy is high. However, it was largely dependent on the availability of resources to facilitate management and promotion of public awareness (Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007). Inclusion The IOC’s objective was to make the London Olympics and Paralympics the most inclusive since the start of the Olympics (IOC, 2012). Therefore, the games were expected to bring together people from diverse social and cultural backgrounds. The games were also expected to facilitate regeneration on economic, physical and social aspects of the lower lea valley and its surroundings. By celebrating the diversity that exists in the UK and global population, the London Olympics and Paralympics encouraged participation from everyone with an aim of promoting social cohesion, fair play and respect (Karamichas, 2013). One of the strategies that were used to ensure inclusion was encouragement of communities across the UK to take advantage of opportunities that were presented by the games. These included trade, employment and new infrastructural facilities. Healthy Living Promotion of healthy lifestyles was also among the aspects that were addressed during the 2012 summer games (Wheeler, 2013). These games were to be used in inspiring people in London and across the United Kingdom to take up sporting activities to keep them active. Healthy and sustainable lifestyles should be attained by refraining from overexploiting natural resources. According to LOCOG (2009), there are many health benefits that can be attained through people’s own efforts. These include engagement in physical activities and maintaining a healthy living environment. This message was to benefit people from the UK as well as tourists who came as spectators. Review of the delivery of the Climate Change aspect of Sustainability There have been several mixed views about the success levels that were attained in the last Olympics to reduce the potential amount of carbon emission during the Olympics and Paralympics. As discussed earlier, a high percentage of greenhouse emissions originate from transportation and energy uses. Therefore, it is vital for the responsible bodies to consider addressing the aspects of energy and transport to realize a reasonable reduction of the overall emission (Siikamaki et al., 2012). Chaabane et al. (2012) suggests that greenhouse gas emission can be managed by reducing motor transport. This can be achieved through avoiding unnecessary trips, using public transportation or alternative transportation methods that require less energy. There are direct and indirect consequences of this measure. The direct impact will be reduction of the total energy used in transportation, which directly reduces the volume of greenhouse gases emitted (Melanta et al., 2012). One of the indirect impact s is the reduction of congestion and traffic jams, which economizes the amount of fuel used by vehicles on the road and ultimately, the amount of carbon emissions (Droege, 2011). The use of sustainable energy sources is also suggested as an ideal approach towards reducing the carbon footprint (Droege, 2011). Some of the available sources of alternative sustainable energy include wind energy, solar power and geothermal power, among others. Given that the amount of energy produced from sustainable sources is limited, the public should be sensitized about the efficient use of energy in their workplaces and in their homes (Droege, 2011). One of the simple approaches that can be used is the purchase and use of energy efficient vehicles and electrical appliances. However, Saunders argues that a rebound can be experienced as an impact of attaining high energy efficiency levels. With reference to the neoclassical theory, Saunders argues that increased energy efficiency leads to a drop in its prices. As a result, it may be used to run machines as a substitute to human labour. This creates an increase in the greenhouse gas emission from fuel usage. He also argues that an increase in energy efficiency results in an increase in economic growth, which results into an increase in energy use (Saunders, 2013). Regardless of the neoclassical theory presented by Saunders, the current climatic situations present the need for increasing energy efficiencies (Droege, 2011). With reference to the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics, it was established that the carbon dioxide released in the course of the games was 28% less than the projected amount. According to the London Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG), the initial projection of carbon dioxide emission reductions was at 6,000 Mt but the attained reductions were at 31,000 Mt (Environmental Leader, 2012). The success in this reduction was attributed to a concept referred to as â€Å"the four R’s (reduce, re-route, re-time and re-mode)† by Transport for London (TfL). This approach is similar as to those suggested in literature. It involved reducing the need to travel by taking leaves working at home, planning to travel before or after peak times, taking an alternative route and using different transportatio n means (LOCOG, 2009). The alternative transport modes that were used on the widest scale included walking and cycling. Even though LOCOG (2009) is credited for provision of this information, it is worthy pointing out that most of the reports about sustainability during the Olympics were positive, even though several observers identified shortcomings in these efforts. Even though the carbon footprint from transport was less than the projected levels, the carbon emission from spectators was estimated to be 913,000 Mt, which exceeded the expected emissions by approximately 36% (Environmental Leader, 2012). This difference between the estimates and the actual emissions was argued to have been caused by the high number of spectators, athletes and the Olympics and Paralympics workforces. There were a total of 11 million spectators, thousands of athletes and more than 200,000 people in the workforce. Even with the higher amount of emission from spectators, the overall amount of emissions was at 3.3 million Mt, which was much lower that the estimate of 3.4 million Mt that was made in 2009 (LOCOG, 2009). Even after the Olympics and Paralympics, these strategies for reducing the CO2 are still being used in the UK. In addition to the climate change aspect of other aspects like waste management, biodiversity and inclusion also attained reasonable levels of s uccess. Opinion Survey Methodology used To get a further understanding of the effectiveness of strategies that were formulated in the IOC sustainability plan, a small opinion survey was carried out. The main objective was to obtain their views on how effectively the emission of greenhouse gases was managed. A semi-structured interview approach was utilized to allow the respondents to freely give their opinions about the subject of the opinion survey (Yin, 2010). Ten students from the Greenwich School of Management were selected as respondents the selection was random and was based on their willingness to participate in the opinion survey. During the survey, two main questions were asked to the respondents. The first was their opinions on the achievements made in efforts to reduce carbon emissions. The seconds was their opinions on what could be done to attain better results. The answers that were given by respondents were recorded on paper and stored for analysis. One major limitation that was experienced was the lack of i nterest by some of the students who were approached to participate in the survey. There were also cases where students were willing to participate, but lacked the background information about the subject of the survey. Findings Out of the ten the students who were interviewed during the survey, six were satisfied with the carbon management efforts while three were unsure about whether the strategies were effective. However, one was sceptical about the management of carbon emissions. For instance, one of the respondents argued â€Å"During the games, I was impressed by how transport was managed. Though I expected many challenges because of the millions of people who attended, I can’t remember seeing any big traffic jam or related issues.† This signifies how effective the transportation plans were during the games. As aforementioned, reduction of traffic jams and congestion contributes towards energy efficiency. Another respondent based his argument on the reviews he had read on different news periodicals he argued â€Å"after the Olympics, many news outlets have indicated their satisfaction about the reduction of carbon emission by the efficient use of energy. Infact, there was an article that indicated that the footprint was much less than what was anticipated.† The scepticism of one of the respondents was based on his opinion that there was no appropriate way of accurately estimating the volume or weight of carbon emissions from the Olympics (Droege, 2011). He said â€Å"I don’t believe there’s an appropriate method to measure the exact amount of carbon emissions. The stuff we hear in the news is based on estimates. They might have reported a smaller value of emissions just to portray a good image of the UK or the IOC to the world.† Even Though one respondent was sceptic about the achievements of the IOC, TfL and LOCOG, the fact that most of the respondents were positive about the efforts made to achieve a low carbon footprint during the Summer Olympics indicates the strategies in the sustainability plan published by the IOC were ideal (Environmental Leader, 2012). Some of the recommendations that were made by the respondents to further reduc e the carbon footprint in future games included increment of fuel prices to discourage travel by personal cars and increasing the energy production from sustainable energy sources. Conclusion As presented in this paper, sustainability has been among the key aspects for consideration in major sporting events within the last decade. In this regard, the organizers of the 2012 summer Olympics and Paralympics prepared a detailed plan on how to address several suitability issues that could have arisen in the games. These include healthy living, waste management, inclusion, biodiversity and climate change. This paper focused more on the how effectively the aspect of climate changes was managed. The main area of focus was the approaches that were uses to ensure energy efficiency and reduce the carbon overall carbon footprint of the games. The effectiveness of these measures were reflected in the fact that there CO2 greenhouse gas emissions caused by energy use was less than the projected amount by 28%. A small opinion survey also was carried out with help of students from the Greenwich School of Management. From its findings, there was a further indication that the sustainability plan or ensuring a smaller amount of carbon gas emissions was ideal. One major drawback was that there was a higher amount of carbon dioxide emission from spectators that was anticipated. However, this was attributed to the high population of spectators, officials and sportsmen who were approximately 11 million in total. In order to further reduce the carbon footprint during major games in future, organizing committees have to carry out an extensive review of the strengths and drawbacks of the strategies applied in London in 2012. This will help them modify the sustainability model and make it better. In future research, a more in-depth survey that involves more respondents drawn from across the UK should be carried out. All the other elements of sustainability should also be addressed. References Chaabane, A., Ramudhin, A. Paquet, M., 2012. Design of sustainable supply chains under the emission trading scheme. International Journal of Production Economics, 135(1), pp.37-49. Commission for a Sustainable London Olympics, 2007. On Track for a Sustainable Legacy: Review of Governance Arrangements for the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Programme. London: Governance Review Commission for a Sustainable London. Douglas, L., 2012. Zero-waste olympic games. Engineering Technology, 6(12), pp.46-47. Droege, P., 2011. Urban Energy Transition: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power. Oxford: Elsevier. Environmental Leader, 2012. London Olympics Generated 28% Less CO2e Than Forecast. [Online] Available at: http://www.environmentalleader.com/2012/12/12/london-olympics-generated-28-less-co2e-than-forecast/ [Accessed 5 December 2013]. Gold, J.R. Gold, M.M., 2013. Bring It under the Legacy Umbrella†: Olympic Host Cities and the Changing Fortunes of the Sustainability Agenda. Sustainability, 5(8), pp.3526-42. IOC, 2012. Sustainability through Sport. London: IOC. Karamichas, J., 2013. London 2012 and Environmental Sustainability: A Study Through the Lens of Environmental Sociology. Sociological Research Online, 18(3), p.17. Kim, H.D., 2013. The 2012 London Olympics: Commercial Partners, Environmental Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility and Outlining the Implications. The International Journal of the History of Sport, pp.1-12. LOCOG, 2009. London 2012 Sustainability Plan. London: LOCOG. Melanta, S., Miller-Hooks, E. Avetisyan, H.G., 2012. Carbon Footprint Estimation Tool for Transportation Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(5), pp.547-55. Pedersen, P.M., Parks, ?J. Quarterman, J?., 2011. Contemporary Sport Management. Illinois: Human Kinetics. Saunders, H.D., 2013. Historical evidence for energy efficiency rebound in 30 US sectors and a toolkit for rebound analysts. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 3(24), pp.34-58. Siikamaki, J., Sanchirico, J.N. Jardine, S.L., 2012. Global economic potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from mangrove loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(36), pp.14369-74. Wheeler, S.M., 2013. Planning for Sustainability: Creating Livable, Equitable and Ecological Communities. New York: Routledge. Yin, R.K., 2010. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: Guilford Press. How to cite Evaluation of London 2012 Olympics Sustainability Plan, Essay examples

Will the Euro Survive free essay sample

Why are Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain sometimes referred to as the euro zone’s â€Å"peripheral countries†? Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain are the poorest in European Union. They are poor because of the unefficient and unsupporting system of the country to join the EU one-currency and trading system. Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain are exploited by the centre EU countries. Their contribution in developing and maintaining the welfare of EU countries is too small compares to the contributions of other EU countries. Why did the European Commission bail out banks in Ireland and Greece? Why not let them default? The European Commission bailed out banks in Ireland and Greece for some reasons. First, it was done to keep EU existing and to keep Euro as hard currency. If banks in Ireland and Greece couldn’t pay their debts, a domino-effect would happen to banks in another countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Will the Euro Survive or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That would lead to worse condition of EU economy. Investors demand that Portugal’s Jose Socrates and other leaders make big spending cuts. However, Socrates and other socialist prime ministers would prefer to generate economic growth via government spending. Does this make Socrates, Zapatero, and like-minded leaders Keynesians? Or are they following Hayek’s principles? Policies that are taken by Socrates and Zapatero tend to follow Keynesians point of view, which mainly states that optimal economic performance could be achieved–and economic slumps prevented–by influencing aggregate demand through activist stabilization and economic intervention policies by the government. Why do citizens in France, Great Britain, and elsewhere stage protests when the government imposes austerity measures? We think that the protests show a growing concern towards cuts in public spending despite of rising unemployment. The governments can already see that austerity policies in Europe will lead to recession, so they will need to start a movement against these policies, which will lead their countries into failure and recession.

The History Of Egyptian Roman And Greek free essay sample

The History Of Egyptian, Roman And Greek Art Essay, Research Paper Throughout the history of adult male, the societies which have been labeled as the # 8220 ; pillars of civilisation # 8221 ; hold all had one common feature ; excellence in the humanistic disciplines. Each society had developed manners which were relevant to their times and doctrines, yet when observed closely, one is able to happen many common similarities within each. When one thinks of the major parts of each of these societies, several stick out as being distinguishable or superior to others. These # 8220 ; distinguishable # 8221 ; societies include the Egyptian society the Grecian society, and the Roman. Yet in order to decently measure each civilization, works from each period must be explored exhaustively. For this I have chosen to compare and contrast three plants from these epochs: Daughters of Akhenaten ( 1379 # 8211 ; 1362 B.C. ) from the Egyptian epoch of art, Dionysus in a Sailboat ( C. 540 B.C ) from the Greek epoch, and eventually Frieze In The Villa of The Mysteries ( C. We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of Egyptian Roman And Greek or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 50 B.C. ) from the Roman period. Yet before one can endeavour into researching these plants, it is indispensable to cognize the features of the periods from which these plants came into being. The first piece, Daughters of Akhentan comes from a period of clip know as the Amarna period within Egyptian art. This period had much different conventions and formal qualities compared to typical Egyptian art. Earlier Egyptian art, which was dictated by the Pharaoh, centered around figures which were expressed ideally ( stylized ) instead than in a realistic signifier. The anatomical properties consisted of caputs and legs which were in profile, trunk and weaponries which were really frontal and the vary prominent individual oculus. Parallel lines were besides used to line up shoulders caputs and weaponries. Furthermore, of import figures were ever larger than others ( Hierarchic proportions ) , and in formal airss. And eventually adult females were ever painted white, while work forces ever red. Yet in the Amarna period, th e Pharaoh Akhenaten, encouraged a manner of art which was more emotional, peaceable and religious. He encouraged a manner of art which was true to life and expressive of one s emotions. The 2nd piece, Dionysus in a Sailboat came from epoch of Grecian vase ( cup ) art. Grecian civilisation was one which was characterized by the doctrine that # 8220 ; adult male is a free and worthy single # 8221 ; . Their art portrayed a manner of arrant idealism, utilitarianism ( win cup ) and pure aesthetic beauty, while at the same clip was used to portray myths and adorn their many Gods. The 3rd artistic civilization which I have chosen to analyze is that of the Romans. Roman art by and large focused around useful intents, while at the same clip still corporal power, pragmatism and emotion. Their doctrine stressed that adult male determines his ain fate, and that uniqueness among people is what makes them particular and distinguishable. Now that an accurate historical overview of each person epoch has been created, one can properly buttocks and depict the features of each single work. The first relationship which can be found within each of these pieces is that they are in kernel # 8220 ; level # 8221 ; . When looking at Daughters of Akhentan, one is able to see that the creative person of this wall picture, has made small or no attempt in making any kind of deepness or true position. The two figures, which are characterized by playful gestures, lack the shading and accurate proportions which are necessary to make these artistic factors. Furthermore the frontal airss and the usage of the individual oculus, besides add to the deficiency of deepness in the picture, because merely half of the existent caput is seen by the spectator. These properties can besides be found within the Grecian wine cup of Dionysus in a Sailboat. This piece which describes a myth, besides lacks any deepness or position. The chief capable a ffair, the sailing boat, lacks the shading and position which creates the semblance of deepness. The mahimahis in the piece are besides really level and unproportional to the boat. This deficiency of position can besides be seen in the canvas of the ship and the grapes, they excessively lack any lines of position and shading which are indispensable for deepness. As one looks further up the art clip line, this characteristic two-dimensionality can besides be seen within the Roman fresco, Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries. The arrant deficiency of deepness, as antecedently seen in Dionysus in a Sailboat, creates a feeling of a elephantine level plane, where figures have merely been â€Å"stuck onto the wall† . There is besides an unsurmountable deficiency of shading, perspective lines and tonic fluctuation, all of which rob the piece of any kind of deepness. As one begins to farther analyze these plants with greater item, other relationships become apparent. The 2nd relationship which I found existed between these plants was that they were all characterized by low pragmatism and were besides really conventionalized. In the work, Daughters of Akhentan, one is easy able to see the deficiency of human signifier and proportion. The deficiency of anatomical rightness is clearly seeable in the awkward place of the legs, custodies, trunk and shoulders. The frontal position of the figures every bit good as the conventionalized and simplified eyes, superciliums and limbs besides contribute to the pictures low degree of pragmatism. In Dionysus in a Sailboat, this same low degree of pragmatism is apparent within the picture of the mahimahis, and particularly the ship. There is really small attending paid to the proportions in this piece, and the over simplified signifiers ( boat, grapes, vines and mahimahis ) make this work really similar to the Da ughters of Akhentan. As we look at the following work, Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries we are able to see that the Roman s have made an effort to maneuver off from wholly stylized and simplified signifiers, and get down to convey some pragmatism into their plants. Although the piece has made a major measure towards pragmatism, it is doubtless still really conventionalized, as seeable in the simplified hair, which is really level and non detailed, the faces, which lack tone and construction and the apparels, which hang in an awkward mode. Besides the frontal position of the figures, as in Daughters of Akhentan, besides add a dimension of low pragmatism. The concluding relationships which I was able to detect within these three plants dealt with the utilitarianism of the plants, and the unvarying balance which can be found within each. All three pictures exhibit signifiers of unvarying balance, which create a feeling of stableness and poise within the plants. In Daughters of Akhentan, the manus which is widening from one of the chief figures creates a sense of left side and right side balance, which ameliorates the overall expression of the work. In Dionysus in a Sailboat, the arrangement of the sailing boat in the centre surrounded by mahimahis all in perfect symmetricalness, besides creates a feeling of unvarying balance and stableness. When looking at Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries, a sense of unvarying balance is likewise created by utilizing every bit sized figures every bit good as figures which are in a # 8220 ; balanced symmetricalness # 8221 ; with one another. If one looks closely at the Roman fresco, the figure of figures used every bit good as how they are symmetrically and strategically placed, all add to make a sense of foundation and stableness. Furthermore, I was able to pull a decision that all three pieces serve more purpose than conventional plants have, that is that they embody a certain alone utilitarianism. Daughters of Akhentan every bit good as Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries, were both painted on walls, and served non merely cosmetic intents, but besides told narratives and myths. Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries, depicts the secret induction rites for the Classical universe, while Daughters of Akhentan depict the household love of Pharaoh Akhentan. The wine-cup, Dionysus in a Sailboat besides held useful utilizations, and at the same clip aesthetic 1s. It was non merely a cosmetic theoretical account, instead served to continue an ancient Grecian myth of Dionysus merely as that in the Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries likewise does. Therefore after holding strictly and exhaustively examined these three plants, I was able to come to the decision that there are definite similarities and relationships which exist between each. I was besides able to reason that each period of art was greatly influenced by other old society s manners and contents, and that each period would non hold originated had it non been for their predecessors.